Changsha, located at the lower reaches of Xiangjiang River and the western brink of the Changliu Basin east by north of Hunan Province, has a humid subtropical monsoon climate, characterized by a mild climate, abundant precipitation, co-appearance of high temperature and rain, four distinct sea-sons. Its summers and winters are long, springs and autumns are short: about 118-127, 117-122, 61-64, 59-69 days respectively. There are sharp changes in temperature in spring, abundant precipitation in early summer, lasting high temperatures in autumn, and few cold days in winter. From late March to mid-May, a clashing of cold and warm air results in continued rainfalls, low temperature and little sunshine. From late May the temperature begins to rise and rainfall increases significantly, marking the start of the rainy season. Upon the end of the rainy season in August, rain stops and the dry season starts, with the temperature sometimes reaching 39-40 C. From late September, it is still hot at day but cools off at night, with limited rainfalls. From late November to mid-March of the following year is the winter, but there are few days with temperatures below 0 C. January is the coolest month of the year, with an average temperature of about 5 C, safe for the growth of winter crops.

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Pressure (hPa)	10207	10178	10142	10086	10044	9999	9982	9995	10073	10135	10185	10210

Pressure (hPa)
10207	10178	10142	10086	10044	9999	9982	9995	10073	10135	10185	10210
Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec

fig.1 monthly mean pressure

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Temp (oF)	40.2	42.9	51.2	62.6	71.2	78	84.2	83.3	74.6	64.7	54.5	44
Temp (oC)	4.6	6.1	10.7	17	21.8	25.6	29	28.5	23.7	18.2	12.5	6.7

Temperature (oC|oF)
4.6 oC 40.2 oF	6.1 oC 42.9 oF	10.7 oC 51.2 oF	17 oC 62.6 oF	21.8 oC 71.2 oF	25.6 oC 78 oF	29 oC 84.2 oF	28.5 oC 83.3 oF	23.7 oC 74.6 oF	18.2 oC 64.7 oF	12.5 oC 54.5 oF	6.7 oC 44 oF
Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec

fig.2 monthly mean temperature

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Min Temp (oF)	34.8	38.1	46	56.6	65.1	72.3	77.5	76.8	68.5	58.4	48.2	38.1
Min Temp (oC)	1.6	3.4	7.8	13.7	18.4	22.4	25.3	24.9	20.3	14.7	9	3.4
Max Temp (oF)	47.6	49.4	58.4	70.3	78.9	85.8	92.6	91.9	82.9	73.5	62.9	52.3
Max Temp (oC)	8.7	9.7	14.7	21.3	26.1	29.9	33.7	33.3	28.3	23.1	17.2	11.3

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Min Temp (oF)	15.8	11.6	29.1	37.5	48	58.6	67.4	62	55.4	36.3	26.9	22.1
Min Temp (oC)	-9	-11.3	-1.6	3.1	8.9	14.8	19.7	16.7	13	2.4	-2.8	-5.5
Max Temp (oF)	75.9	82.7	84	90.6	95.9	98.6	103.4	102.7	99.3	94.6	87.2	73.5
Max Temp (oC)	24.4	28.2	28.9	32.6	35.5	37	39.7	39.3	37.4	34.8	30.7	23.1

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Hunidity (%)	83	85	85	84	83	84	77	79	81	81	80	79

Hunidity (%)
83	85	85	84	83	84	77	79	81	81	80	79
Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec

fig.3 monthly mean hunidity

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Hunidity (%)	23	19	13	22	21	35	36	32	25	18	19	12

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Precipitation (mm)	66.1	95.2	128.5	207.2	178.5	202.4	93	107	56.8	84.2	71.2	41.2
Days (Precipitation<0.1mm)	13.6	14	17.8	18.8	16.3	13.3	9.7	9.9	9.8	11.1	10.2	9.4
Days (Precipitation<10mm)	1.8	3.5	4.6	7.1	6	5.3	2.5	2.9	1.4	2.8	2	1.1
Days (Precipitation<25mm)	.3	.6	.9	2.4	2.1	2.9	1.1	.9	.6	.8	.8	.1
Days (Precipitation<50mm)	0	0	.1	.6	.4	1.1	.3	.4	.1	.1	.2	0

Precipitation (mm)
66.1	95.2	128.5	207.2	178.5	202.4	93	107	56.8	84.2	71.2	41.2
Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec

fig.4 monthly mean precipitation

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Precipitation (mm)	34	43.8	107	82.3	113.1	129.7	118.8	167.8	77	51.2	90.9	36.1

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Wind Speed (m/s)	2.4	2.6	2.6	2.6	2.5	2.5	2.9	2.5	2.6	2.5	2.3	2.5

Wind Speed (m/s)
2.4	2.6	2.6	2.6	2.5	2.5	2.9	2.5	2.6	2.5	2.3	2.5
Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec

fig.5 monthly mean wind speed

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Wind Speed (m/s)	14.7	16.3	16	18.3	15.7	16.3	17.3	18	17	15.7	20	14.3

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Duration (hour)	76.2	63	69.4	88.3	122.8	144.8	238.3	229.6	160	133.4	115.7	103.2

Duration (hour)
76.2	63	69.4	88.3	122.8	144.8	238.3	229.6	160	133.4	115.7	103.2
Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec

fig.5 monthly mean sunshine duration

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Percentage (%)	24	20	19	23	29	35	56	57	43	38	36	32

Remarks:
Weather forecast is provided by China Meteorological Administration.
Climate information is based on monthly averages for 30-year period of 1971-2000.
Precipitation includes both rain and snow.

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